International Institutions and Organisations

Question: Discuss about the International Institutions and Organisations. Answer: Introduction: Realism is the only theory that can explain the current system of global governance Global governance or world governance is a process of cooperative leadership and political integration of bringing multilateral public agencies, national governments and civil society together (Cabrera, 2011). Global governance aims at negotiating responses that affect more than one region or state and involves institutionalization. The concept of international relations is in a debate if realism is the only theory that explains the current system of global governance. As argued by Stephen Walt, the complete diplomat of the future shall remain aware of realists emphasis on power, reflect on constructivist vision of change and liberals awareness of domestic forces in mind (Ralston, 2013). In an anarchic state, there is nobody hierarchically superior or coercive. Therefore, the realists argue that international cooperation among states is unlikely as the states can never trust each other but themselves. According to a traditional realist Hans Morgenthau, international politics is related with struggle for more power (D'Anieri, 2016). The realists focus on relative gains. They do not favour absolute benefits. It is argued that if one region gains greater power than another, it shall act as a threat to the other states national security. In this new era, realism asserts that international institutions might mitigate for establishing international relations or anarchy while eliminating the idea of a sovereign state. The international system shall remain unchanged and the legitimate use of violence shall be eliminated since the institutions shall have no real power over sovereign states (Dunne, Kurki, Smith, 2013). However, the liberal theory states that international cooperation is possible since they believe in absolute gains as opposed to realists. The liberals do not disagree with the fact that the states shall try to work for their own national interest. But, in terms of absolute advantage, the liberals state that spread of free trade shall reduce the likelihood of conflict. As observed by Michael Doyle, global governance is identified with an essential principle of freedom of individual. The liberal perspective argues that at a minimum heterogeneous state of peace and war, the world could become a state of global peace where war shall disappear (Cabrera, 2011). Doyle further argues that states can be differentiated in a manner they deal with individual rights. Liberals believe that the interest of states can be extended beyond protection of human rights. Further, constructivism deals with norms, rules and institutions constituting interest of states and other international bodies (Dunne, Kurki, Smith, 2013). The theory claims that that the distribution of cultures and ideas determine the shape of international system. The constructivists argue that the capabilities of determining the nature of international system is possible because of the ideas people attach to them (Pease, 2015). It is concluded that realism is the only theory that can explain the current system of global governance. The pluralist approach may be applied for explaining order, power, norms and change. Realists acknowledge the existence of civil society, globalization and transnational forces. It explains the current theory of global governance as it emphasizes on the strategies to improve international competition. References Cabrera, L. (2011).Global governance, global government(p. 91). Albany: State University of New York Press. D'Anieri, P. (2016).International politics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Dunne, T., Kurki, M., Smith, S. (2013).International relations theories. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pease, K. (2015).International Organizations. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Ralston, S. (2013).Philosophical pragmatism and international relations(p. 178). Lexington Books: USA.